Developing Speaking Activities

Traditional classroom speaking practice often takes the form of drills in which one person asks a question and another gives an answer. The question and the answer are structured and predictable, and often there is only one correct, predetermined answer. The purpose of asking and answering the question is to demonstrate the ability to ask and answer the question.

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Strategies for Developing Speaking Skills

Students often think that the ability to speak a language is the product of language learning, but speaking is also a crucial part of the language learning process. Effective instructors teach students speaking strategies -- using minimal responses, recognizing scripts, and using language to talk about language -- that they can use to help themselves expand their knowledge of the language and their confidence in using it. These instructors help students learn to speak so that the students can use speaking to learn.

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Goals and Techniques for Teaching Speaking

The goal of teaching speaking skills is communicative efficiency. Learners should be able to make themselves understood, using their current proficiency to the fullest. They should try to avoid confusion in the message due to faulty pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary, and to observe the social and cultural rules that apply in each communication situation.

To help students develop communicative efficiency in speaking, instructors can use a balanced activities approach that combines language input, structured output, and communicative output.

Language input comes in the form of teacher talk, listening activities, reading passages, and the language heard and read outside of class. It gives learners the material they need to begin producing language themselves. 

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Teaching Speaking

Many language learners regard speaking ability as the measure of knowing a language. These learners define fluency as the ability to converse with others, much more than the ability to read, write, or comprehend oral language. They regard speaking as the most important skill they can acquire, and they assess their progress in terms of their accomplishments in spoken communication.

Language learners need to recognize that speaking involves three areas of knowledge:

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Causative verbs

Causative verbs adalah verba-verba yang digunakan pada kalimat yang berfungsi untuk membuat orang lain melakukan sesuatu. Secara umum kalimat causative memiliki pola sebagai berikut:

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Concord: Subject-Verb Agreement

Yang dimaksud dengan concord adalah kesesuaian bentuk antara unsur-unsur (subjek dengan verba dan antara pronomina/kata ganti) dalam suatu kalimat.
Subject-Verb Agreement
Dalam suatu kalimat, bentuk verba harus disesuaikan dengan subjeknya. Jika subjek dan verba tidak sesuai, maka kalimat tersebut menjadi salah. Perhatikan contoh berikut:

Pada contoh pertama, are tidak sesuai dengan subjek Sam karena are hanya dapat digunakan terhadap orang kedua (you) atau orang ketiga jamak. Pada contoh kedua, live tidak bisa digunakan karena orang ketiga tunggal pada simple present tense harus diberi imbuhan –s menjadi lives. Pada contoh terakhir, has hanya digunakan pada orang ketiga tunggal, selain itu harus menggunakan have.
Berikut ini adalah daftar kesesuaian subjek-subjek dengan beberapa verba:

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AUXIALIARY VERBS

Tabel Auxialiary Verbs

	Past Tense	Present Tense	Invinitive
Be Have Do Can May Must Need Will Shall Ought to Dare Used to	Was, were Had Did Could Might Had to Needed Would Should Ought to Dared Used to	Am, is , are Have, has Do, does Can May Must Need Will Shall Ought to Dare **********	To be To have To do To be able to To be allowed to To have to To need To be going to To be going to *********** To dare ***********

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DAFTAR IRREGULAR VEBS

Infinitive	Past Tense	Past Participle
abide	abode, abided	abode, abided
arise	arose	arisen
awake	awoke	awoken
be	was	been
bear	bore	borne, born
beat	beat	beaten
become	became	become
befall	befell	befallen

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What is Grammar?

Grammar is the system of a language. People sometimes describe grammar as the "rules" of a language; but in fact no language has rules*. If we use the word "rules", we suggest that somebody created the rules first and then spoke the language, like a new game. But languages did not start like that. Languages started by people making sounds which evolved into words, phrases and sentences. No commonly-spoken language is fixed. All languages change over time. What we call "grammar" is simply a reflection of a language at a particular time.

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KUMPULAN RUMUS-RUMUS DALAM BAHASA INGGRIS

1.      PRONOUN

PRONOUN adalah kata keterangan yang berfungsi menggantikan kedudukan kata benda/perseorangan sebagai berikut

Subject	Object	P. Adjective	P. Pronoun
I	Me	My	Mine
You	You	Your	Yours
We	Us	Our	Ours
They	Them	Their	Theirs
He	She	Her	Hers
She	Him	His	His
It	It	Its	Its

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